Adapt

Acetyl-L-carnitine (often shortened to ALCAR) is the acetylated form of L-carnitine, a compound synthesised naturally in humans via methylation of the essential amino acid lycine. As this process by itself produces insufficient amounts of l-carnitine, healthy levels can be reached through consumption of dairy products and red meat. Additional supplementation may increase availability of l-carnitine to optimal levels, particularly in vegetarians. L-carnitine is a key player of mitochondrial energy production in both skeletal muscles and brain neurones, and may also have a direct effect on concentration of major neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin. This explains the potential of ALCAR as a nootropic for focus, and as a strength-boosting supplement.

CoQ10 (Co-enzyme Q10) is a ubiquitous compound found within the membranes of nearly every cell in the human body. It has a vital role in energy production, carrying electrons within the mitochondria as part of the production chain of the energy transporter ATP. Once reduced to ubiquinol, it is the body’s primary lipid-soluble antioxidant. Amounts of CoQ10 in the diet are modest and generally considered insufficient to significantly raise tissue concentrations, especially when compared to typical therapeutic doses of 100mg or more. This means that supplementation is an important way to optimise energy and concentration.

Panax ginseng, also known as Asian or Korean ginseng, is a frequently utilised and studied herbal remedy. Ginseng's biological activity is attributed to a group of compounds known as ginsenosides, recognised for a range of positive effects, such as combating inflammation and neutralising damaging free radicals (1). Studies in animals have indicated that ginseng extracts can positively influence brain chemistry, potentially enhancing the production of certain neurotransmitters (2). These changes have been linked to improvements in learning, memory, and the management of anxiety-like behaviours.

Rhodiola rosea is a plant originating from cold, mountainous areas in Europe and Asia. Multiple bioactive compounds, including salidrosides and rosavins, can be extracted from its root and rhizome (1). These have powerful effects on important hormonal pathways in humans, such as modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, leading to demonstrable effects on stress responses (2). Often classified as an ‘adaptogen’, Rhodiola therefore possesses a wide array of potential benefits relating to mood and stress responses.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) is a vital cofactor for reactions that are essential in development and function of the central nervous system. Supplementation is particularly important in vegetarians and vegans, as plant-based foods do not contain Vitamin B12.